Enkulaakulana egenda mu maaso mu mulimu gwa vvaalu (1967-1978) .
01 Enkulaakulana y’amakolero ekosebwa
Okuva mu 1967 okutuuka mu 1978, olw’enkyukakyuka ennene mu mbeera y’embeera z’abantu, enkulaakulana y’amakolero ga vvaalu nayo ekosebwa nnyo. Ebikulu ebyeyoleka bye bino:
1. Valiva eno ebifulumizibwa bikendeera nnyo, era omutindo gukendeera nnyo
2. Valiva eno enkola y’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi etandise okukwata enkula ekoseddwa
3. Ebintu ebiva mu vvaalu ya puleesa eya wakati bifuuka bya bbanga ttono nate
4. Okukola vvaalu za puleesa eya waggulu n’eza wakati mu ngeri etategekeddwa kwatandika okulabika
02 Kola ebikolwa okuwanvuya “layini empya eya vvaalu” .
Omutindo gw’ebintu mu...vvaaluamakolero gakendedde nnyo, era oluvannyuma lw’okutondebwawo kw’ebintu ebikolebwa mu vvaalu ya puleesa eya waggulu n’eya wakati eby’ekiseera ekitono, gavumenti kino ekiwa obukulu bungi. Ekitongole kya Heavy and General Bureau ekya Minisitule esooka ey’ebyuma kyatandikawo ekibiina kya vvaalu ekigenda okuvunaanyizibwa ku nkyukakyuka mu by’ekikugu mu mulimu gwa vvaalu. Oluvannyuma lw’okunoonyereza n’okunoonyereza okw’obwegendereza, ttiimu ya vvaalu yaleeta “Alipoota ku ndowooza ku nkulaakulana y’ebipimo by’okufulumya vvaalu za puleesa eya waggulu n’eya wakati”, eyaweebwa akakiiko akavunaanyizibwa ku nteekateeka y’eggwanga. Oluvannyuma lw’okunoonyereza, kyasalibwawo okuteeka obukadde bwa Yuan 52 mu mulimu gwa vvaalu okukola enkyukakyuka mu by’ekikugu okugonjoola ekizibu ky’ebbula ery’amaanyi erya puleesa eya waggulu n’eya wakativvaalu eziyitibwa valves n’omutindo okukendeera amangu ddala nga bwe kisoboka.
1. Enkiiko za Kaifeng bbiri
Mu May 1972, ekitongole ky’ebyuma ekyasooka kyategeka eggwanga lyonnavalveomusomo gw’emirimu gy’amakolero mu kibuga Kaifeng mu ssaza ly’e Henan. Yuniti 125 n’abakiise 198 okuva mu makolero ga vvaalu 88, amatendekero ga ssaayansi agakwatagana n’okunoonyereza n’okukola dizayini, ebitongole by’ebyuma 13 mu masaza ne munisipaali n’abamu ku bakozesa beetabye mu lukiiko luno. Olukiiko lwasazeewo okuzzaawo ebibiina bino ebibiri eby’amakolero n’omukutu gw’obukessi, era ne balonda ekkolero lya Kaifeng High Pressure Valve Factory ne Tieling Valve Factory ng’abakulembeze ba ttiimu ya puleesa eya waggulu ne puleesa entono, era Hefei General Machinery Research Institute ne Shenyang Valve Research Institute be bavunaanyizibwa ku mulimu gw’omukutu gw’obukessi. Olukiiko era lwateesezza n’okusoma ku nsonga ezikwata ku “kuzza ebintu ku mulembe emirundi esatu”, okutumbula omutindo gw’ebintu, okunoonyereza mu by’ekikugu, okugabanya ebintu, n’okutumbula emirimu gy’amakolero n’obukessi. Okuva olwo, emirimu gy’amakolero n’obukessi egyabadde gitaataaganyizibwa okumala emyaka mukaaga gyaddamu. Ebikolwa bino bikoze kinene mu kutumbula okukola vvaalu n’okuzzaawo embeera ey’ekiseera ekitono.
2. Okuddamu okukola emirimu gy’okutegeka amakolero n’okuwanyisiganya amawulire
Oluvannyuma lw’olukuŋŋaana lwa Kaifeng mu 1972, ebibiina by’amakolero byaddamu okukola emirimu gyabyo. Mu kiseera ekyo, amakolero 72 gokka ge geetaba mu nteekateeka y’amakolero, era amakolero mangi agakola vvaalu gaali tegannaba kwetaba mu nteekateeka y’amakolero. Okusobola okutegeka amakolero ga vvaalu mangi nga bwe kisoboka, buli kitundu kitegeka emirimu gy’amakolero. Ekkolero lya vvaalu za puleesa eya waggulu n’eya wakati eya Shenyang, Ekkolero lya Vvaalu za Beijing, Ekkolero lya Valiva e Shanghai, Ekkolero lya Valiva mu Wuhan,Ekkolero lya Tianjin Valve, Gansu High ne Medium Pressure Valve Factory, ne Zigong High Pressure Valve Factory zivunaanyizibwa ku bitundu by’obukiikakkono bw’obuvanjuba, North China, East China, Central South, Northwest, ne Southwest. Mu kiseera kino, amakolero ga vvaalu n’emirimu gy’obukessi byali bya njawulo era nga bibala ebibala, era nga byagala nnyo amakolero agali mu mulimu guno. Olw’enkulaakulana y’emirimu gy’amakolero, okuwanyisiganya obumanyirivu enfunda eziwera, okuyambagana n’okuyigagana, tekikoma ku kutumbula kulongoosa mutindo gwa bintu, wabula era kyongera obumu n’omukwano wakati w’amakolero ag’enjawulo, olwo amakolero ga vvaalu ne gakola ekintu ekimu, mu kukwatagana, emikono mu ngalo Okugenda mu maaso, nga kiraga ekifo ekijjudde amaanyi era ekikula.
3. Kola “okuzza ebintu ku mulembe esatu” kw’ebintu ebikolebwa mu vvaalu
Okusinziira ku mwoyo gw’enkiiko ebbiri eza Kaifeng n’endowooza z’ekitongole ekizito n’ekitongole ekinene ekya Minisitule esooka ey’ebyuma, ekitongole ekinoonyereza ku byuma ekya General Machinery Research Institute kyazzeemu okutegeka omulimu omunene ogwa vvaalu “ssatu ez’omulembe” nga kiwagirwa nnyo amakolero ag’enjawulo mu mulimu guno. Omulimu gwa “okuzza ebintu ku mulembe esatu” mulimu gwa tekinologiya omukulu omukulu, nga guno gwe kipimo ekirungi eky’okwanguyiza enkyukakyuka mu tekinologiya mu bitongole n’okutumbula omutindo gw’ebintu ebikolebwa mu vvaalu. Ekibiina ekikola ku valve “three modernizations” kikola okusinziira ku misingi gya “four good” (eyangu okukozesa, enyangu okuzimba, enyangu okuddaabiriza n’okukwatagana obulungi) ne “four unification” (model, performance parameters, connection and overall dimensions, standard parts). Ebikulu ebiri mu mulimu birina ensonga ssatu, emu kwe kwanguyiza ebika ebigattibwa; ekirala kwe kuteekawo n’okuddamu okutunula mu kibinja ky’omutindo gw’ebyekikugu; eky’okusatu kwe kulonda n’okumaliriza ebintu.
4. Okunoonyereza okw’ekikugu kutumbula enkulaakulana y’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi
(1) Okukulaakulanya ttiimu z’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi n’okuzimba ebifo eby’okugezesa Ku nkomerero ya 1969, ekitongole ekinoonyereza ku byuma ekya General Machinery Research Institute kyasengulwa okuva e Beijing ne kitwalibwa e Hefei, era ekyuma ekyali kigezesa okuziyiza okukulukuta okwasooka kyamenyebwa, ekyakosa ennyo okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi. Mu 1971, abanoonyereza ba ssaayansi badda mu ttiimu eno omu oluvannyuma lw’omulala, era laboratory y’okunoonyereza ku vvaalu yeeyongera okutuuka ku bantu abasoba mu 30, era n’elagirwa minisitule okutegeka okunoonyereza okw’ekikugu. Laabu ennyangu yazimbibwa, ekyuma ekigezesa obuziyiza okukulukuta ne kiteekebwawo, era ebyuma ebikebera puleesa, okupakinga n’ebirala ebitongole ne bikolebwa ne bikolebwa, era okunoonyereza okw’ekikugu ku kusiba vvaalu kungulu n’okupakinga ne kutandika.
(2) Ebikulu ebituukiddwaako Olukungaana lwa Kaifeng olwatuula mu 1973 lwakola enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza okw’ekikugu mu mulimu gwa vvaalu okuva mu 1973 okutuuka mu 1975, era ne luteesa ku pulojekiti 39 enkulu ez’okunoonyereza. Mu bino, mulimu ebintu 8 eby’okulongoosa mu bbugumu, ebintu 16 eby’okusiba, ebintu 6 eby’okupakinga, ekintu 1 eky’ekyuma eky’amasannyalaze, n’ebintu 6 eby’okugezesa n’okugezesa omulimu. Oluvannyuma, mu Harbin Welding Research Institute, Wuhan Material Protection Research Institute, ne Hefei General Machinery Research Institute, abakozi ab’enjawulo baalondebwa okutegeka n’okukwasaganya okwekebejja buli kiseera, era enkiiko bbiri ez’emirimu ku bitundu ebikulu ebya vvaalu za puleesa eya waggulu n’eya wakati zaatuula okufunza obumanyirivu, okuyambagana n’okuwanyisiganya, era ne bakola enteekateeka y’okunoonyereza ku bitundu ebikulu ebya 1976 -Mu 1980. Okuyita mu kaweefube ow’awamu okwa amakolero gonna, ebituukiddwaako ebinene bikoleddwa mu mulimu gw’okunoonyereza okw’ekikugu, ekitumbula enkulaakulana y’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi mu makolero ga vvaalu. Ebikulu ebivaamu bye bino wammanga:
1) Tack ku ngulu w’okusiba. Okunoonyereza ku sealing surface kugenderera okugonjoola ekizibu ky’okukulukuta munda kwa...vvaalu. Mu kiseera ekyo, ebintu eby’okusiba ku ngulu okusinga byali 20Cr13 ne 12Cr18Ni9, nga birina obugumu obutono, obutayamba kwambala bubi, obuzibu obw’amaanyi obw’okukulukuta munda mu bintu bya vvaalu, n’obulamu obutono obw’okuweereza. Ekitongole kya Shenyang Valve Research Institute, Harbin Welding Research Institute ne Harbin Boiler Factory baakola ttiimu y’okunoonyereza okugatta emirundi esatu. Oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 2 egy’okukola ennyo, ekika ekipya eky’ekintu ekisiba kungulu ekya chrome-manganese (20Cr12Mo8) kyakolebwa. Ekintu kino kirina enkola ennungi. Okugumira obulungi okukunya, obulamu obuwanvu obw’okuweereza, ate nga tewali nickel ate chromium mutono, eby’obugagga bisobola okusinziira ku by’awaka, oluvannyuma lw’okukebera eby’ekikugu, bya mugaso nnyo okutumbula.
2) Okujjuza okunoonyereza. Ekigendererwa ky’okunoonyereza ku kupakinga kwe kugonjoola ekizibu ky’okukulukuta kwa vvaalu. Mu kiseera ekyo, okupakinga kwa vvaalu okusinga kwali kwa asibesito eyafukibwamu amafuta ne asibesito wa kapiira, era omulimu gw’okusiba gwali mubi, ekyavaako vvaalu okukulukuta okw’amaanyi. Mu 1967, ekitongole ekinoonyereza ku byuma ekya General Machinery Research Institute kyategeka ttiimu enoonyereza ku kukulukuta okw’ebweru okunoonyereza ku makolero agamu ag’eddagala, amakolero agalongoosa amafuta n’amabibiro g’amasannyalaze, n’oluvannyuma n’ekola n’obunyiikivu okunoonyereza ku kugezesa okulwanyisa okukulukuta ku bikoola by’okupakinga n’ebya vvaalu.
3) Okugezesa enkola y’ebintu n’okunoonyereza okusookerwako mu ndowooza. Nga bakola okunoonyereza okw’ekikugu,amakolero ga vvaaluera yakola n’amaanyi okugezesa enkola y’ebintu n’okunoonyereza okusookerwako okw’enzikiriziganya, era n’atuuka ku bivuddemu bingi.
5. Okukola enkyukakyuka mu tekinologiya mu bitongole
Oluvannyuma lw’olukuŋŋaana lwa Kaifeng mu 1973, amakolero gonna gaakola enkyukakyuka mu tekinologiya. Ebizibu ebikulu ebyaliwo mu mulimu gwa vvaalu mu kiseera ekyo: Ekisooka, enkola yali edda mabega, okusuula kwali kukolebwa ddala n’emikono, okusuula mu kitundu kimu, era okutwalira awamu ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma eby’enjawulo n’ebintu ebikozesebwa mu bulamu obwa bulijjo byakozesebwanga okukola mu nnyonta. Kiva ku kuba nti ebika n’ebiragiro bya buli kkolero biyitiridde okukoppololwa, era omuwendo munene mu ggwanga lyonna, naye oluvannyuma lw’okusaasaanya buli kkolero, ekibinja ky’okufulumya kiba kitono nnyo, ekikosa okukozesa obusobozi bw’okufulumya. Mu kwanukula ebizibu ebyo waggulu, ekitongole kya Heavy and General Bureau ekya Minisitule esooka ey’ebyuma kyaleeta enkola zino wammanga: okutegeka amakolero ga vvaalu za puleesa eya waggulu n’eya wakati agaliwo, okukola enteekateeka ey’obumu, okugabanya abakozi mu ngeri ey’amagezi, n’okugaziya okufulumya ebintu mu bungi; okwettanira tekinologiya ow’omulembe, okutandikawo layini z’okufulumya, n’okukolagana mu makolero amakulu n’ebifo ebitaliimu. Layini 4 ezikola ekyuma ekisuuliddwa blank zitandikiddwawo mu musomo gw’okusuula ebyuma, ate layini 10 ez’okufulumya ebitundu mu byuma ebisongovu zitandikiddwawo mu makolero mukaaga amakulu; omugatte gwa bukadde bwa Yuan 52 ze ziteekeddwa mu nkyukakyuka mu tekinologiya.
(1) Enkyukakyuka ya tekinologiya w’okulongoosa mu bbugumu Mu nkyukakyuka ya tekinologiya w’okulongoosa mu bbugumu, tekinologiya nga water glass tidal shell mold, fluidized sand, tidal mold ne precision casting abadde amanyiddwa nnyo. Precision casting esobola okutegeera chip-less oba wadde chip-free machining. Esaanira gate, packing gland ne valve body ne bonnet ya small-diameter valves, nga erina emigaso egyeyoleka mu by’enfuna. Mu 1969, Shanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yasooka okukozesa enkola y’okusuula mu ngeri entuufu ku kukola vvaalu, ku PN16, DN50 gate valve body,
(2) Enkyukakyuka ya tekinologiya akola mu nnyonta Mu nkyukakyuka ya tekinologiya akola mu nnyonta, ebyuma eby’enjawulo ne layini z’okufulumya bye bikozesebwa mu mulimu gwa vvaalu. Nga mu mwaka gwa 1964, Shanghai Valve No. 7 Factory ye yakola dizayini n’okukola layini ya gate valve body crawler type semi-automatic production line, nga eno ye layini y’okufulumya semi-automatic valve eya puleesa entono esoose mu mulimu gwa valve. Oluvannyuma, Shanghai Valve No. 5 Factory yakola dizayini era n’ekola layini y’okufulumya semi-automatic eya DN50 ~ DN100 low-pressure globe valve body ne bonnet mu 1966.
6. Okukola n’amaanyi ebika ebipya n’okulongoosa omutindo gwa seti ezijjuvu
Okusobola okutuukiriza ebyetaago by’ebyuma ebijjuvu ebinene nga amafuta, amakolero g’eddagala, amasannyalaze, ebyuma n’amakolero g’amafuta, amakolero ga vvaalu gakola n’amaanyi ebintu ebipya mu kiseera kye kimu eky’enkyukakyuka mu tekinologiya, ekirongozza omutindo gw’okukwatagana kw’ebintu ebikolebwa mu vvaalu.
03 Mu bufunze
Bw’otunuulira emyaka gya 1967-1978, enkulaakulana y’...valve lumu amakolero gaakosebwa nnyo. Olw’enkulaakulana ey’amangu ey’amakolero g’amafuta, eddagala, amasannyalaze, ebyuma n’amanda, vvaalu za puleesa eya waggulu n’eya wakati zifuuse “ebintu eby’ekiseera ekitono” okumala akaseera. Mu 1972, ekitongole ekikola ku by’amakolero ga vvaalu kyatandika okuddamu n’okukola emirimu. Oluvannyuma lw’enkiiko za Kaifeng ebbiri, yakola n’amaanyi “okuzza ebintu ku mulembe esatu” n’emirimu gy’okunoonyereza mu by’ekikugu, ne batandikawo ebbidde ly’enkyukakyuka mu tekinologiya mu mulimu gwonna. Mu 1975, amakolero ga vvaalu gaatandika okutereeza, era okufulumya kw’amakolero kwagenda mu maaso.
Mu 1973, akakiiko akavunaanyizibwa ku nteekateeka y’eggwanga kakkiriza enkola z’ebizimbe okwongera ku kukola puleesa eya waggulu n’eya wakativvaalu eziyitibwa valves. Oluvannyuma lw’okuteeka ssente, amakolero ga vvaalu gakoze enkyukakyuka eziyinza okubaawo. Okuyita mu nkyukakyuka mu tekinologiya n’okutumbula, tekinologiya omu ow’omulembe azze atwalibwa, olwo omutendera gw’okulongoosa mu nnyonta mu mulimu gwonna ne gulongoosebwa okutuuka ku ddaala eritali limu, era n’eddaala ly’okukozesa ebyuma mu kulongoosa mu bbugumu lirongooseddwa okutuuka ku ddaala eritali limu. Oluvannyuma lw’okutumbula enkola y’okuweta okufuuyira mu plasma, omutindo gw’ebintu ebya vvaalu za puleesa eya waggulu n’eya wakati gulongooseddwa nnyo, era n’ekizibu kya “okukulukuta okumu okumpi n’okubiri” nakyo kirongooseddwa. Olw’okumaliriza n’okukola pulojekiti 32 ez’okupima ebizimbe, amakolero ga China agakola vvaalu galina omusingi omunywevu n’obusobozi obusingako okufulumya. Okuva mu 1970, ebifulumizibwa mu vvaalu za puleesa eya waggulu n’eya wakati byeyongedde okukula. Okuva mu 1972 okutuuka mu 1975, ebifulumizibwa byalinnya okuva ku ttani 21,284 okutuuka ku ttani 38,500, nga ne yeeyongera ttani 17,216 mu myaka 4, nga kino kyenkanawa n’ebifulumizibwa buli mwaka mu 1970. Ebifulumizibwa buli mwaka ebya vvaalu za puleesa entono bibadde binywevu ku ddaala lya ttani 70,000 okutuuka ku 80,000. Mu kiseera kino, .vvaalu amakolero gaakola n’amaanyi ebintu ebipya, si bika bya vvaalu ez’enjawulo zokka ze zikoleddwa ennyo, naye ne vvaalu ez’enjawulo ez’amabibiro g’amasannyalaze, payipu, puleesa eya waggulu ennyo, ebbugumu eri wansi ne makolero ga nukiriya, vvaalu z’omu bwengula n’endala ez’ebigendererwa eby’enjawulo nazo zikulaakulanye nnyo. Bwe kiba nti emyaka gya 1960 gyali kiseera kya nkulaakulana ya maanyi mu vvaalu ez’ekigendererwa eky’enjawulo, olwo emyaka gya 1970 gyali kiseera kya nkulaakulana nnene mu vvaalu ez’ekigendererwa eky’enjawulo. Obusobozi bw’okuwagira eby’awakavvaalu eziyitibwa valves erongooseddwa nnyo, okusinga etuukiriza ebyetaago by’enkulaakulana eby’ebitundu eby’enjawulo eby’ebyenfuna by’eggwanga.
Obudde bw'okuwandiika: Aug-04-2022
